| Mali |
Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Mali | Introduction | Top of Page

Background: | The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his reelection in 1997, President KONARE has continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he would not run for a third term.

Mali | Geography | Top of Page

Location: | Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Geographic coordinates: | 17 00 N, 4 00 W

Map references: | Africa

Area: | total: 1.24 million sq km land: 1.22 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km

Area - comparative: | slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries: | total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: | none (landlocked)

Climate: | subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

Terrain: | mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Natural resources: | gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Land use: | arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 25% forests and woodland: 6% other: 67% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: | 780 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: | hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts

Environment - current issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note: | landlocked

Mali | People | Top of Page

Population: | 11,008,518 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure: | 0-14 years: 47.2% (male 2,612,215; female 2,583,370) 15-64 years: 49.73% (male 2,610,142; female 2,864,127) 65 years and over: 3.07% (male 158,486; female 180,178) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate: | 2.97% (2001 est.)

Birth rate: | 48.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate: | 18.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate: | -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate: | 121.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 47.02 years male: 45.84 years female: 48.24 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate: | 6.81 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 2.03% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 100,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 9,900 (1999 est.)

Nationality: | noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian

Ethnic groups: | Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Religions: | Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Languages: | French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 31% male: 39.4% female: 23.1% (1995 est.)

Mali | Government | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Government type: | republic

Capital: | Bamako

Administrative divisions: | 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Independence: | 22 September 1960 (from France)

National holiday: | Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Constitution: | adopted 12 January 1992

Legal system: | based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: | 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch: | chief of state: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%

Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 20 July and 3 August 1997 (next to be held in two rounds in 2002); note - much of the opposition boycotted the election election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADEMA 130, PARENA 8, CDS 4, UDD 3, PDP 2

Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders: | Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Political pressure groups and leaders: | Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Cheick Oumar DIARRAH chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603

Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Michael RANNEBERGER embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako telephone: [223] 22 54 70 FAX: [223] 22 37 12

Flag description: | three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Mali | Economy | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2000. Growth should remain around 5% in 2001-02, and inflation should stay less than 2%.

GDP: | purchasing power parity - $9.1 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: | 4.8% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 46% industry: 21% services: 33% (1998)

Population below poverty line: | NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 0.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force: | NA

Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture and fishing 80% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate: | NA%

Budget: | revenues: $730 million expenditures: $770 million, including capital expenditures of $320 million (1997 est.)

Industries: | minor local consumer goods production and food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Industrial production growth rate: | NA

Electricity - production: | 445 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 44.94% hydro: 55.06% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption: | 413.9 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products: | cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Exports: | $480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities: | cotton 50%, gold, livestock (1999 est.)

Exports - partners: | Italy 18%, Thailand 15%, Germany 7%, Portugal 4% (1999)

Imports: | $575 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, construction materials, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners: | Cote d'Ivoire 19%, France 19%, Senegal 4%, Benelux 3% (1999)

Debt - external: | $3 billion (1999)

Economic aid - recipient: | $596.4 million (1995)

Currency: | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code: | XOF

Exchange rates: | Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Fiscal year: | calendar year

Mali | Communications | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 23,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular: | 2,842 (1997)

Telephone system: | general assessment: domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 7 (1998)

Radios: | 570,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: | 1 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Televisions: | 45,000 (1997)

Internet country code: | .ml

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 1 (2000)

Internet users: | 10,000 (2000)

Mali | Transportation | Top of Page

Railways: | total: 729 km (linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes) narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways: | total: 15,100 km paved: 1,827 km unpaved: 13,273 km (1996)

Waterways: | 1,815 km

Ports and harbors: | Koulikoro

Airports: | 27 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: | total: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 9 (2000 est.)

Mali | Military | Top of Page

Military branches: | Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)

Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 2,284,632 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 1,309,612 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $49 million (FY96)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 2% (FY96)

Mali | Transnational Issues | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | none