| Sao Tome and Principe |
Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Sao Tome and Principe | Introduction | Top of Page

Background: | Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. Although independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s. The first free elections were held in 1991.

Sao Tome and Principe | Geography | Top of Page

Location: | Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon

Geographic coordinates: | 1 00 N, 7 00 E

Map references: | Africa

Area: | total: 1,001 sq km land: 1,001 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative: | more than five times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: | 0 km

Coastline: | 209 km

Maritime claims: | measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate: | tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Terrain: | volcanic, mountainous

Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Natural resources: | fish, hydropower

Land use: | arable land: 2% permanent crops: 36% permanent pastures: 1% forests and woodland: 0% other: 61% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: | 100 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: | NA

Environment - current issues: | deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sao Tome and Principe | People | Top of Page

Population: | 165,034 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure: | 0-14 years: 47.7% (male 39,857; female 38,859) 15-64 years: 48.28% (male 38,430; female 41,246) 65 years and over: 4.02% (male 3,034; female 3,608) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate: | 3.18% (2001 est.)

Birth rate: | 42.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate: | 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate: | -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate: | 48.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 65.59 years male: 64.15 years female: 67.07 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate: | 6.02 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA

Nationality: | noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao Tomean

Ethnic groups: | mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Religions: | Christian 80% (Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist)

Languages: | Portuguese (official)

Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 73% male: 85% female: 62% (1991 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe | Government | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe local short form: Sao Tome e Principe

Government type: | republic

Capital: | Sao Tome

Administrative divisions: | 2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome note: Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995

Independence: | 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday: | Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Constitution: | approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990

Legal system: | based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch: | chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) head of government: Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since 30 December 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 June and 21 July 1996 (next to be held NA July 2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president election results: Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - Miguel TROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%

Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 8 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP-PSD 56%, PCD 14.5%, ADI 29%; seats by party - MLSTP-PSD 31, ADI 16, PCD 8

Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders: | Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties

Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA

International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: | Sao Tome and Principe does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos Augusto FERREIRA, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168, telephone [1] (212) 317-0533

Diplomatic representation from the US: | the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands

Flag description: | three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Sao Tome and Principe | Economy | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | This small poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence 25 years ago. However, cocoa production has substantially declined because of drought and mismanagement. The resulting shortage of cocoa for export has created a persistent balance-of-payments problem. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a significant amount of food. Over the years, it has been unable to service its external debt and has had to depend on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200 million in debt relief in December 2000 under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies, but economic growth has remained sluggish. Sao Tome is also optimistic that significant petroleum discoveries are forthcoming in its territorial waters in the oil-rich waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Corruption scandals continue to weaken the economy. At the same time, progress in the economic reform program has attracted international financial institutions' support, and GDP growth will likely rise to at least 4% in 2001-02.

GDP: | purchasing power parity - $178 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: | 3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 23% industry: 19% services: 58% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line: | NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 5% (2000 est.)

Labor force: | NA

Labor force - by occupation: | population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing note: shortages of skilled workers

Unemployment rate: | NA%

Budget: | revenues: $58 million expenditures: $114 million, including capital expenditures of $54 million (1993 est.)

Industries: | light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fish processing; timber

Industrial production growth rate: | NA%

Electricity - production: | 17 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 41.18% hydro: 58.82% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption: | 15.8 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products: | cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish

Exports: | $3.2 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities: | cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Exports - partners: | Netherlands 18%, Germany 9%, Portugal 9% (1998)

Imports: | $40 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities: | machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products

Imports - partners: | Portugal 42%, US 20%, South Africa 6% (1998)

Debt - external: | $268 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient: | $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Currency: | dobra (STD)

Currency code: | STD

Exchange rates: | dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December 2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)

Fiscal year: | calendar year

Sao Tome and Principe | Communications | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 3,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular: | 6,942 (1997)

Telephone system: | general assessment: adequate facilities domestic: minimal system international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: | AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios: | 38,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: | 2 (1997)

Televisions: | 23,000 (1997)

Internet country code: | .st

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 2 (2000)

Internet users: | 500 (2000)

Sao Tome and Principe | Transportation | Top of Page

Railways: | 0 km

Highways: | total: 320 km paved: 218 km unpaved: 102 km (1996)

Waterways: | none

Ports and harbors: | Santo Antonio, Sao Tome

Merchant marine: | total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,843 GRT/149,048 DWT ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, container 3, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports: | 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: | total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe | Military | Top of Page

Military branches: | Army, Navy, Security Police

Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 34,205 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 18,043 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $1 million (FY94)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.5% (FY94)

Sao Tome and Principe | Transnational Issues | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | none