| Tonga |
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Tonga | Introduction | Top of Page

Background: | The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

Tonga | Geography | Top of Page

Location: | Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates: | 20 00 S, 175 00 W

Map references: | Oceania

Area: | total: 748 sq km land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km

Area - comparative: | four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: | 0 km

Coastline: | 419 km

Maritime claims: | continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate: | tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Terrain: | most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base

Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Natural resources: | fish, fertile soil

Land use: | arable land: 24% permanent crops: 43% permanent pastures: 6% forests and woodland: 11% other: 16% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: | NA sq km

Natural hazards: | cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou

Environment - current issues: | deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations

Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: | archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)

Tonga | People | Top of Page

Population: | 104,227 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure: | 0-14 years: 40.93% (male 21,739; female 20,916) 15-64 years: 54.99% (male 28,231; female 29,082) 65 years and over: 4.08% (male 1,912; female 2,347) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate: | 1.79% (2001 est.)

Birth rate: | 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate: | 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate: | 14.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 68.25 years male: 65.83 years female: 70.78 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate: | 3 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA

Nationality: | noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan

Ethnic groups: | Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Religions: | Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Languages: | Tongan, English

Literacy: | definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.5% male: 98.4% female: 98.7% (1996 est.)

Tonga | Government | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands

Government type: | hereditary constitutional monarchy

Capital: | Nuku'alofa

Administrative divisions: | 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Independence: | 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

National holiday: | Independence Day, 4 June (1970)

Constitution: | 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

Legal system: | based on English law

Suffrage: | 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch: | chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Legislative branch: | unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4

Judicial branch: | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)

Political parties and leaders: | Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president]

Political pressure groups and leaders: | Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA]

International organization participation: | ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: | Tonga does not have an embassy in the US; Ambassador Fetu'utolo TUPOU, resides in London; address: Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga, c/o Tonga High Commission, 36 Molyneux Street, London W1H 6AB, telephone [44] (171) 724-5828, FAX [44] (171) 723-9074 consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: | the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga

Flag description: | red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner

Tonga | Economy | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services.

GDP: | purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: | 5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 30% industry: 10% services: 60% (1997)

Population below poverty line: | NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 7% (2000 est.)

Labor force: | 34,000 (FY96/97)

Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 65% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate: | 13.3% (FY96/97)

Budget: | revenues: $49 million expenditures: $120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.)

Industries: | tourism, fishing

Industrial production growth rate: | 8.6% (FY98/99)

Electricity - production: | 35 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption: | 32.6 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products: | squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish

Exports: | $8 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Exports - commodities: | squash, fish, vanilla beans

Exports - partners: | Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.)

Imports: | $69 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners: | NZ 30%, Australia 19%, US 11%, UK 11%, Japan 3% (1997 est.)

Debt - external: | $62 million (1998)

Economic aid - recipient: | $38.8 million (1995)

Currency: | pa'anga (TOP)

Currency code: | TOP

Exchange rates: | pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)

Fiscal year: | 1 July - 30 June

Tonga | Communications | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 8,000 (1996)

Telephones - mobile cellular: | 302 (1996)

Telephone system: | general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios: | 61,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: | 1 (2001)

Televisions: | 2,000 (1997)

Internet country code: | .to

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 2 (2000)

Internet users: | 1,000 (2000)

Tonga | Transportation | Top of Page

Railways: | 0 km

Highways: | total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1996)

Waterways: | none

Ports and harbors: | Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai

Merchant marine: | total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Airports: | 6 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: | total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Tonga | Military | Top of Page

Military branches: | Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed

Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | NA%

Tonga | Transnational Issues | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | none